In the latter case, the recombination that may occur between different species or quasispecies of viruses generates the emergence of new viruses with different H molecules. In the first case, the changes involve certain nucleotides that are located in the antigenic zones of the H. These changes in H occur by two mechanisms known as "antigenic drift" (minor changes) and "antigenic shift" (major changes). The pandemic human influenza viruses are characterized by the presence of a new hemagglutinin (H) that allows them to evade pre-existing immunity against previous viruses. Today H5N1 is still detected sporadically in parts of Indonesia and Southeast Asia. However, the experts believe that this is much more dangerous than pH1N1, and should be closely monitored. The major impact of pH1N1 on the media has managed to eclipse H5N1, which caused great concern in 2003 because of the massive affection in domestic poultry in the Far East and the high mortality rates in infected humans. Currently, pH1N1 is considered a "seasonal" virus, although experts believe we should perhaps look more closely to this virus. Of the threats mentioned above, perhaps the most striking is the pH1N1 because of the pandemic outbreak at the end of last year. This network permitted a detailed monitoring of the pandemic flu and its evolution in Spain, as well as a detailed study of the strains isolated from patients and their resistance to some drugs (oseltamivir). This network relies on a series of sentinel laboratories in each region, a national reference laboratory (ISCIII) and three national centers of the WHO. Pilar Pérez (ISCIII, Madrid) based in the network of specialized laboratories (RELEG). Monitoring and control data about influenza in the national health system were presented by Dr. Jordi Casal (CReSA, Barcelona) confirmed those data. The results on the dynamics of infection by influenza virus in birds and the epidemiology of avian and swine presented by Dr. These strains are subjected to a continuous surveillance in the veterinary environment and poultry production, as Concepción Gómez-Tejedor, General Coordinator of the Dirección General de Recursos Agrícolas y Ganaderos del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Medio Rural y Marino, stated in her presentation. Thus, it is considered that the most virulent strains of influenza viruses are characterized by expressing H5 and H7, without underestimating the infectious capacity of the other pathological strains. Each of these viruses wears a "shell" distinctively represented by the specificity of hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), providing them with their characteristic biology and pathology. According to Professor Domingo, these four threats respond to the letters H7N1, H1N1 classical, H1N1 pandemic (pH1N1) and H5N1. Mariano Domingo, director of CReSA, who introduced the four greatest (flu) threats that the scientific community is facing. The conference featured a brief but interesting opening by Dr. Among others, addressed issues included basic science, health surveillance and epidemiology. This first conference was presented under the heading "Avian and Swine flu: current status and future prospects" and the speakers offered a review of the various issues surrounding the flu virus, considering the strains that affect humans and poultry and pork, from a strictly scientific point of view. The conference was organized by the Centre for Research in the Animal Health (CReSA) and the Spanish Society for Virology, and other collaborative societies such as the Spanish Society for Immunology (SEI). The first conference on zoonoses and emerging diseases was held in Barcelona last June, in the facilities of Cosmocaixa foundation.
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